I'm coming to the conclusion that good collaboration tools are the most important part of a technology toolset.
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C : C++, Java : Scala/Kotlin, JS : TypeScript. There definitely seems to be space for languages that target the same platform.
AFAICS the success criteria are: great interoperability, similar toolset, similar syntax, and a more elaborate type system.
Are there counterexamples?
I'm really impressed with the node ecosystem. A great packaging toolset and many great libraries. productivity++; satisfaction++;
The experience resulting from the toolset around a language is so important. If your compiler always takes one hour, I'm not interested.