When people talk about federated systems, they frequently compare with email. Email has been successfully distributed, but I think it's an outlier. It's rare, especially today, for popular tech to be distributed with multiple implementations.
miniblog.
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IPFS is a really nice distributed filesystem that is slowly growing in popularity. Netflix has found a good use case: container image distribution.
https://containerjournal.com/topics/container-management/ipfs-emerges-as-tool-to-distribute-container-image
I'm slightly reminded of Usenet: just download content from the nearest server!
Why are papers still primarily distributed as PDFs? It seems to be easier to generate a PDF from HTML than the reverse.
I'm a big fan of arxiv-vanity but it's awkward reading other papers in handheld devices.
Remarkable research exploring the design of a distributed VPN using zero knowledge proofs to allow nodes to choose permitted traffic whilst preserving privacy:

