Some Racket developers argue that cond should require a clause to match: https://docs.racket-lang.org/cond-strict/index.html (a robustness boon, but probably small)
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Type systems can be nominal or structural, they might force an option type, and they might even encode side effects (IO or exceptions).
I think the biggest single improvement (where compiles≈correct) is exhaustiveness checking. This produces thoroughness and often robustness.
The Rust London meetup was excellent. It's funny how many Rustaceans care about robustness: one even used skeptic to test his code slides!
Emacs pkg of the day: assess https://github.com/phillord/assess/blob/0eb198f05ed835aab66e742338cc4b70bb86875d/assess.el#L591 Convenience functions for ert testing, including font-lock and indentation robustness.